MPC mutations are thought to be quite rare but result in the same severe symptoms observed with PDH and PC deficiency. This growing body of literature demonstrates that the MPC and other mitochondrial carriers comprise a versatile and dynamic network undergirding the metabolism of health and disease. Accordingly, recent studies on cancer and diabetes have identified protein–protein interactions, post-translational processes, and transcriptional factors that modulate MPC function. Cell- and tissue-specific differences in MPC content and activity suggest that MPC function is tightly regulated as a mechanism of metabolic, cellular, and organismal control. Whether MPC function ameliorates or contributes to disease is highly specific to tissue and cell type. Emerging research highlights the importance of the MPC in diverse conditions, such as immune cell activation, cancer cell stemness, and dopamine production in Parkinson’s disease models. As a nodal mediator of pyruvate metabolism, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) plays a pivotal role in many physiological and pathological processes across the human lifespan, from embryonic development to aging-associated neurodegeneration.
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